Alicyclics and Aromatics

ACYLICS:

• Carbon chains can form two types of "closed" loops
• Alicylic loops usually made with single bonds
• If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition: "cylo" is added in front of the parent chain. 
• 3 different ways to draw organic compounds: 

                1) Complete structural diagram

                2) Condensed structural diagram 

                3) Line diagram

• Numbering can start anywhere and go c.w. or c.c.w. on the loop but side chains numbers must be the lowest possible 
• Loops can also be a side chain
• Same rules apply but the side chain is given a cyclo -prefix

AROMATICS:

 

• Benzene (C6H6) is a cylic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms
• Structurally it can be drawn with alternating double bonds 

AROMATIC NOMENCLATURE:

• A Benzene molecule is given a special diagram to show its unique bond structure
• Benzene can be a parent chain or a side chain
• As a side chain is given the name phenyl

-Ben Suratos

Alkenes and Alkynes

Example of an Alkene

Example of an Alkyne


The naming rules for double and triple bonds are almost the same, except there’s one thing that we need to add.

Double bonds take priority.
There are two possible ways to number the carbon atoms.
When we’re numbering we must choose the lowest number

Double bonds (alkenes) end in –ene

Triple bonds (alkynes) end in –yne

Multiple double bonds:
As we all know more than one double bond can exist in a molecule.
The only difference here is that we use the same multipliers inside the parent chain.
EXAMPLE: (1,3 butadiene)

Here's a great video that teaches how to name Alkenes and Alkynes.

-Ben Suratos

Classes of Organic Compounds: Part Two

Amines

• Functional Group: 
• -NH₂ 
• General Formula:  
• R-NH₂ 
• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...)  
• Substitute the "-e" ending with the suffix "-amine" (methanamine, ethanamine, propanamine...) 
• Examples:  
• C₆H₁₅N --> hexylamine 
• _CH3CH2NH2 --> ethylamine 
• C₄H₁₁N --> butylamine 
• CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂  --> octylamine

• Above diagram --> nonylamine

Amides 

• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...)  
• Substitute the "-e" ending with the suffix "-amide" (methanamide, ethanamide, propanamide...) 
• Examples:  
• CH₃NO --> methanamide 
• _CH3CH2CONH2 --> propanamide
• C₁₀H₂₁NO --> decanamide 
• CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CONH₂ --> octanamide

• Above diagram --> heptanamide  

Nitro

• Functional Group: 
• C≡N 
• General Formula:  
• R-C≡N
• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...)  
• Add to the "-e" ending,  the suffix "-nitrile" (methanenitrile, ethanenitrile, propanenitrile...) 

• Examples:  
• CH₃CH₂CH₂CN --> butanenitrile 
• CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CN --> hexanenitrile 
• CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CN  --> heptanenitrile

• Above diagram --> octanenitrile  

Esters

• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...)  
• Substitute the "-e" ending with the suffix "-oate" (methanoate, ethanoate, propanoate...) 
• Name the side chain that appears past the oxygen bond (methyl, ethyl, propyl...
• Place the side chain name in front of the modified parent chain name (methyl methanoate)
• Examples:  
• C₂H₄O₂ --> methyl methanoate 
• _C5H10O2 --> methyl butanoate 
• C₉H₁₈O₂ --> propyl hexanoate 
• C₆H₁₂O₂--> ethyl butanoate

• Above diagram --> methyl hexanoate  

• Above diagram --> propyl propanoate 

Below is a video lesson further expanding what we have covered in the past several lessons of the many classes of organic compounds: 

-Simon Sierra

Classes of Organic Compounds: Part One

What are Functional Groups?

Halides:

• Functional Group: 
• -F, -Cl, -Br, -I 
• General Formula:  
• R-X
• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...) 
• Name halogen groups as side chains (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)
• Name other side chains
• Examples:  
• CH₃Br --> bromomethane 
• CCl₄ --> tetrachloromethane 
• H₂FCCHFCH₂CH₃ --> 1,2-difluorobutane 
• CH₃CHFCHFCH₃  --> 2,3-difluorobutane

• Above diagram --> trichloromethane  

• Above diagram  --> 1,2-dichlorobenzene

Alcohol:

• Functional Group: 
• -OH 
• General Formula:  
• R-OH
• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...) 
• Substitute the "-e" ending with "-ol" (propanol, butanol, pentanol...) 
  •  
• Name other side chains
• Number the locations of the "-OH" on the structure
• Examples:  
• C₆H₅CH₂OH --> benzyl alcohol 
• CH₃ OH --> methanol (methyl alcohol) 

• Above diagram --> cyclohexanol

• Above diagram  --> ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Ether: 

• Functional Group: 
• -O- 
• General Formula:  
• R-O-R'
• Naming:  
• Visualize the oxygen interrupting the structure, so there are going to be three pieces (in the most basic forms)  
• The first part of the structure (for this, we use the side chain prefix: meth-, prop-...) 
• The interrupting oxygen (list it as "oxy") 
• The last part of the structure (for this, we name it as the parent chain: methane, ethane)
• Combine the first part and the oxygen into one term (methoxy, propoxy) 
• And list the final piece as a parent chain (methoxy-methane, propoxy-ethane)
• Examples:  
• C₃H₈O --> methoxy-ethane 
• C₄H₁₀O--> methoxy-propane
• C₅H₁₂O --> methoxy-butane 

• Above diagram --> propoxy-pentane  

• Above diagram  --> methoxy-pentane

Aldehyde:

• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...) 
• Substitute the "-e" ending with "-al" (propanal, butanal, pentanal...) 
   
  •  
• Name other side chains
• Number the locations of the "-OH" on the structure
• Examples:  
• CH₃ CHO --> ethanal 
• HCHO --> methanal
• _CH3CH2CHO --> propanal 

• Above diagram --> nonanal  

• Above diagram  --> pentanal

Ketone:

• Naming:  
• Take the prefix of the parent chain (metha-, etha-, propa-...) 
• End with the suffix, "-none" (methanone, ethanone, propanone...) 
   
  •  
• Name other side chains
• Number the locations of the double-bonded oxygen on the structure
• Examples:  
• C₇H₁₄O --> 3-heptanone 
• _C10H20O --> 2-heptanone

• Above diagram --> 2-heptanone  

• Above diagram  --> 3-nonanone

Carboxylic Acid: 

• Naming:  
• Name the parent chain (methane, ethane, propane...) 
• Substitute the "-e" ending with"-oic acid" (methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid...)  
•  
• Name other side chains
• Number the locations of the "-OH" on the structure
• Examples:  
• CH₃CO2H--> acetic acid (ethanoic acid) 
• _C8H16O2 --> octanoic acid 
• _C10H20O2 --> decanoic acid 
• _C4H8O2  --> butanoic acid

• Above diagram --> nonanoic acid  

• Above diagram  --> propanoic acid 

-Simon Sierra

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbons also form multiple covalent bonds. Carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches. There are less than 100,000 non-organic compounds. Organic compounds number more than 17 million. The simplest organic compounds are made of carbon and hydrogen.

• Saturated compounds have no double or triple bonds.
• Compounds with only: single bonds -> Alkanes, double bonds -> Alkenes, triple bonds -> Alkynes
• ISOMER: Two compounds with the same empirical formula

Example:

• Name the alkane:

                       

Nomenclature:

There are 3 categories of organic compound:

• Straight
• Cyclic chains
• Aromatics

Straight Chains:

1.) Circle the longest continual chain and name this as the base chain. They can bend and twist.
2.) Number the base chains so side chains have the lowest possible numbers.
3.) Name each side chain using the "-yl" ending.
4.) Give each side chain the appropriate number.
      ->if there is more than one identical
          side chain, number/labels are slightly different.
5.) List side chains alphabetically.

A video on straight chains:

- George Spencer